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Restriktionsfaktor
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
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Contents
β’ Eigenschaften
β’ Beispiele
β’ Literatur
β’ Einzelnachweise
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
Eigenschaften
Restriktionsfaktoren greifen hemmend in Teile des Replikationszyklus eines Pathogens ein.cite-ref-colomer-lluch-1-0[1] Dadurch wird die Vermehrung eines Pathogens teilweise gehemmt. Manche Restriktionsfaktoren aktivieren darΓΌber hinaus die angeborene Immunantwort.cite-ref-colomer-lluch-1-1[1] Allerdings haben manche Restriktionsfaktoren nicht nur eine Wirkung auf Pathogene, sondern teilweise auch nachteilige Wirkungen auf die Wirtszelle.cite-ref-sauter-2-0[2] Einige Restriktionsfaktoren haben antibakterielle Wirkungen (z. B. antimikrobielle Peptide), andere antivirale Wirkungen (z. B. antivirale Proteine).
Restriktionsfaktoren wurden fΓΌr eine Vielzahl an Pathogenen beschrieben, darunter HIV,cite-ref-colomer-lluch-1-2[1]cite-ref-jia-3-0[3] Foamyviren,cite-ref-pmid33803830-4-0[4] Arboviren,cite-ref-elrefaey-5-0[5] Hepatitis-C-Virus,cite-ref-pmid26819515-6-0[6] SARS-CoV-2,cite-ref-evans-7-0[7] Influenza-A-Virus,cite-ref-villal-n-letelier-8-0[8]cite-ref-mckellar-9-0[9] Humane Papillomviren,cite-ref-pmid27863967-10-0[10] Plasmodien,cite-ref-sim-es-11-0[11] Denguevirus,cite-ref-sim-es-11-1[11] Zikavirus,cite-ref-sim-es-11-2[11] Bunyaviren,cite-ref-lerolle-12-0[12] Humanes Cytomegalievirus,cite-ref-pmid27563536-13-0[13] Enteroviren,cite-ref-pmid35603180-14-0[14] Paramyxovirencite-ref-farrukee-15-0[15] und Pneumoviren.cite-ref-farrukee-15-1[15]
Beispiele
Beispiele fΓΌr Restriktionsfaktoren umfassen APOBEC3G,cite-ref-colomer-lluch-1-3[1] SAMHD1,cite-ref-colomer-lluch-1-4[1] Tetherin,cite-ref-colomer-lluch-1-5[1] TRIM5Ξ±,cite-ref-colomer-lluch-1-6[1] RIG-I,cite-ref-elrefaey-5-1[5] MDA5,cite-ref-elrefaey-5-2[5] verschiedene Interferon-stimulierte Gene,cite-ref-jones-16-0[16]cite-ref-villal-n-letelier-8-1[8]cite-ref-mckellar-9-1[9]cite-ref-pmid33152343-17-0[17] Interferon-induced Transmembrane Proteins,cite-ref-evans-7-1[7] Lymphocyte Antigen 6 Complex Locus Ecite-ref-evans-7-2[7] und antimikrobielle Peptide. Manche Restriktionsfaktoren treten evolutionsgeschichtlich bereits bei Wirbellosen auf,cite-ref-pmid28102430-18-0[18] andere sogar bereits bei Hefen.cite-ref-pmid25157258-19-0[19] Bei Bakterien dienen Restriktionsenzyme und CRISPR einem Abbau zellfremder NukleinsΓ€uren.
Literatur
β’ W. E. Johnson: Rapid adversarial co-evolution of viruses and cellular restriction factors. In: Current topics in microbiology and immunology. Band 371, 2013, S. 123β151, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37765-5_5, PMID 23686234.
Einzelnachweise
cite-note-colomer-lluch-11. β M. Colomer-Lluch, A. Ruiz, A. Moris, J. G. Prado: Restriction Factors: From Intrinsic Viral Restriction to Shaping Cellular Immunity Against HIV-1. In: Frontiers in immunology. Band 9, 2018, S. 2876, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02876, PMID 30574147, PMC 6291751 (freier Volltext).
cite-note-elrefaey-55. β A. M. Elrefaey, R. Abdelnabi, A. L. Rosales Rosas, L. Wang, S. Basu, L. Delang: Understanding the Mechanisms Underlying Host Restriction of Insect-Specific Viruses. In: Viruses. Band 12, Nummer 9, 08 2020, S. , doi:10.3390/v12090964, PMID 32878245, PMC 7552076 (freier Volltext).
cite-note-evans-77. β J. P. Evans, S. L. Liu: Role of host factors in SARS-CoV-2 entry. In: Journal of Biological Chemistry. Band 297, Nummer 1, 07 2021, S. 100847, doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100847, PMID 34058196, PMC 8160279 (freier Volltext).
cite-note-villal-n-letelier-88. β F. VillalΓ³n-Letelier, A. G. Brooks, P. M. Saunders, S. L. Londrigan, P. C. Reading: Host Cell Restriction Factors that Limit Influenza A Infection. In: Viruses. Band 9, Nummer 12, 12 2017, S. , doi:10.3390/v9120376, PMID 29215570, PMC 5744151 (freier Volltext) (Review).
cite-note-pmid27863967-1010. β S. S. Porter, W. H. Stepp, J. D. Stamos, A. A. McBride: Host cell restriction factors that limit transcription and replication of human papillomavirus. In: Virus research. Band 231, 03 2017, S. 10β20, doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2016.11.014, PMID 27863967, PMC 5325803 (freier Volltext).
cite-note-pmid27563536-1313. β S. Landolfo, M. De Andrea, V. Dell'Oste, F. Gugliesi: Intrinsic host restriction factors of human cytomegalovirus replication and mechanisms of viral escape. In: World journal of virology. Band 5, Nummer 3, August 2016, S. 87β96, doi:10.5501/wjv.v5.i3.87, PMID 27563536, PMC 4981826 (freier Volltext).
cite-note-pmid28102430-1818. β A. Mussabekova, L. Daeffler, J. L. Imler: Innate and intrinsic antiviral immunity in Drosophila. In: Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS. Band 74, Nummer 11, 06 2017, S. 2039β2054, doi:10.1007/s00018-017-2453-9, PMID 28102430, PMC 5419870 (freier Volltext).
cite-note-pmid25157258-1919. β Z. Sasvari, P. Alatriste Gonzalez, P. D. Nagy: Tombusvirus-yeast interactions identify conserved cell-intrinsic viral restriction factors. In: Frontiers in plant science. Band 5, 2014, S. 383, doi:10.3389/fpls.2014.00383, PMID 25157258, PMC 4127529 (freier Volltext).